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The death of Woman Wang ( edition) | Open Library
Name: The Death of Woman Wang Downloads: Link -> The Death of Woman Wang download The Death of Woman Wang read online download The Death of Woman Wang Wang Yue (Chinese: 王 悦; pinyin: Wáng Yuè), also known as "Little Yue Yue" (Chinese: 小悅悅), was a two-year-old Chinese girl who was run over by two vehicles on the afternoon of 13 October in a narrow road in . Jul 08, · Read The Death of Woman Wang PDF - by Jonathan D. Spence Penguin Books | Spence shows himself at once historian, detective, and artist . View blogger.com from HIST at Towson University. 0 The Death of Woman Wang be. He did not dare tum around or bend, he yelled out in .
Death of woman wang pdf download
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Start by pressing the button below! Jonathan D. It was evening, death of woman wang pdf download, the moon just rising. There was no warning, save for a frightening roar that seemed to come from somewhere to the northwest.
The buildings in the city began to shake ;:mu the trees took up a rhythmical swaying, tossing ever more wildlv back and forth until their tips almost touched the ground. Then came one sharp violent jolt that brought down, stretches of the citv walls and battlements, officials' varnens, temples, and thousands of private homes.
Broad fissures opened up across the streets and underneath the houses, jets oi water spurted up into the air to a height of twenty feet or more, and streams of water poured down the roads and flooded the irrigation ditches. Those people who tried to remain standing felt as if their feet were round stones spinning out of control, and were brought crashing to the ground. Some watched helplessly as their families fell away from them: Kao Te-mou had lived in a household of twenty-nine with his consorts, death of woman wang pdf download, children, relatives, and servants, but only he, death of woman wang pdf download, one son, and one daughter survived.
As suddenly as it had come the earthquake departed. The ground was still. The water seeped away, leaving the open fissures edged with mud and fine sand. The ruins rested in layers where they had fallen, like giant sets of steps. It was, wrote Feng K'o-ts'an, who in compiled the Local History of T'an-ch'eng, as if fate were "throwing rocks upon a man who had already fallen in a well. Feng lived in T'an-ch'eng county for five years, death of woman wang pdf download, and life was not kind to him.
He came there as magistrate inbut was dismissed death of woman wang pdf download two years for incompetence in handling the finances and horses of the imperial post stations in the county.
He stayed on in T'an-ch'eng in deep povertyashamed, perhaps, to return to his home in Shao-wu, Fukien, because of his disgrace—and lived on handouts from the local gentry and the money he could get from writing. He was, after all, a chin-shih, a holder of the highest literary degree, which he had won inand there was no one else still alive in T'an-ch'eng with such a degree; there was not even any living native of the county who had gained the lower The Ohservers O 3 degree of chii-jen, death of woman wang pdf download.
So Feng was honored there and able to make some money by teaching death of woman wang pdf download from occasional jobs, such as being the chief editor for the Local History, that came his way. He finished the history by late and returned to Fukien, but the return brought him only more sorrow. His arrival coincided with the beginning of the Rebellion of the Three Feudatories, and Feng was among the many literati and former officials ordered to take up bureaucratic "office" with the rebel forces.
He refused. In his youth he had refused to read any more of his favorite T'ang poet, Li Po, after he learned that Li Po had written poetry in the entourage of the rebel prince Lin of Yung, death of woman wang pdf download. Rather than face reprisals from the rebels, Feng retreated to the Fukien mountains, where the constant exposure in bitter weather led to his death.
Perhaps it was because of his melancholy experiences in T'an-ch'eng that in the brief essays with which he introduced several of the economic death of woman wang pdf download in the Local History Feng wrote so frankly about the miseries of the area, the poverty of its people, and the general inability of the local gentry to help alleviate that misery.
He was fascinated by the statistics of disaster in the county, and returned to them again and again: the population of T'an-ch'eng in the early s, he estimated, was only one-quarter of what it had been in the later Ming dynasty fifty years before; where once there had been well overpeople in the county, there now were about 60, And the area of cultivated land registered for taxation had dropped by almost two-thirds, from 3.
His figures grew even more precise as he contemplated the earthquake ofwhich hit T'anch'eng only a few months after he had taken up office there as magistrate, and to emphasize his point he contrasted T'anch'eng with its larger northern neighbor I-chou: I-chou county had townships, T'an-ch'eng 45; yet 12, people died in I-chou in the earthquake while in T'an-ch'eng with 4 O The Death of Woman Wang well under death of woman wang pdf download the population nearly people lost their lives.
By the people of T'an-ch'eng had been suffering for fifty years. Many had died in the White Lotus risings ofwhen rebels had risen on the tide of local misery in Shantung province, ravaged the cities around T'an-ch'eng, and induced thousands of peasants to leave their homes, by cart or on foot, carrying their few possessions with them.
The leaders of the rising, such as Hou VVu, who came from the nearby county of Tsou, offered to the poor a vision of "mountains of gold and mountains of silver, mountains of flour and mountains of rice, fountains of oil and wells full of wine," and promised to all true believers that "for the rest of their lives they would never again be poor. Many more from T'an-ch'eng died in the s, from hunger, irom banditry, irom sickness; and in the s a fresh death of woman wang pdf download of troubles began.
The famine of 1 O that winter-spread on into the following spring, and groping for words to describe it, death of woman wang pdf download, the local farmers rationalized their despair in proverb form: ' T o have the bodies ol one's close relations eaten bv someone else is not as good as eating them oneself, so as to prolong one's own life for a few days. Bandits followed in the famine's wake. One such army, several thousand strong, moved down into T'an-ch'eng county from I-chou in April They looted the market town of Lichia-chuang, on the county border, and marched southwest to Ma-t'ou market, death of woman wang pdf download.
This they looted too, and spent three days there before setting fire to the shops and homes and moving east to T'an-ch'eng city, which they besieged. But the days the bandits spent in Ma-t'ou had given the people of T'anch 'eng time to organize their defenses.
They blocked the city gates with stones and earth, placed cannon ready for firing on the walls, and marshaled the local defense forces under men like Wang Ying, a veteran soldier who had served the gentry so well in defending T'an-ch'eng during the White Lotus attacks of that they had petitioned successfully to have him named to the official rank of squad commander.
A tablet engraved with the names of men who were among the defenders of T'an-ch'eng in gives some indication of how the more influential people of the county crowded into the city for safety.
The list was headed by two Hsiis, whose lands were in Kuei-ch'ang, to the west, brother and son respectively of a local notable who had won the chiijen literary degree inand by the scholar Tu Chih-tung, who had obtained the same degree in The Tus had their lands in Hsia-chuang township, thirty miles northeast, and at least a dozen members of their lineage were listed among the city defenders, as were many from other prominent families—the Changs and the Lius from Kao-ts'e township and the Lis from Ch'ih-t'ou.
There were nearly ninety licentiates, or junior degree holders, from all over T'an-ch'eng, perhaps a third of those in the county who held the degree at the time, and a further thirty advanced students who had 6 0 The Death of Woman Wang received the magistrate's certification of competence. There were nearly twenty district and township headmen, who had evidently abandoned the countryside they were meant to be protecting and sought the greater safety of the city; there were junior military officers, physicians, clerical staff from the city offices, yamen runners, merchants, gunnery experts, household servants and—ending the list—one Taoist priest.
This group, and other unnamed citizens, fought off the bandits through the morning of April 15 and finally repulsed them, thanks to some lucky cannon shots that hit the bandit camp and the sudden gusting of a heavy wind that swirled dust and stones around and hindered the attackers. Finally giving up the assault on the main city, the rebels looted its suburbs and then swung south to the post station and township of Hung-hua fou, which lured them with its promise of horses—kept there to serve the routes that ran to central China—and the fame of its brothels.
Here the same blinding dust storm had forced the people to take shelter in their homes, with doors tightly closed; unaware of the bandits' approach, they made no attempt to escape, and were cut death of woman wang pdf download in their own homes, or perished when the buildings were set afire.
After this raid the bandits moved on to Kiangsu province, returning for three more days in late May, when they wasted a swathe of country around the market town of Hsiachuang.
In such brief and violent raids it was the poor who destroyed the poor, while the gentry were able to shelter behind the walls of T'an-ch'eng city. But there was no place for even the wealthiest to hide when a raiding force of Manchu troops under General Abatai entered the county in January among the lists of the dead were many who had fought and survived the battle of In the terse words of the Local History: "It was on 30 January tnat tne great army invaded The Observers O 7 the city, death of woman wang pdf download the officials, and killed 70 or 80 per cent of the gentry, death of woman wang pdf download, death of woman wang pdf download, and common people; inside the city walls and out they killed tens of thousands, in the streets and the courtyards and the alleys the people all herded together were massacred or wounded, the remnants trampled each other down, and of those fleeing the majority were injured.
They stayed for twenty-two days; over the whole area many were looted and burned, killed and wounded, death of woman wang pdf download. They also destroyed Ts'ang-shan-pao, killing more than ten thousand men and women there. He merely stated that he had obtained, from the general area of northern China: "12, ounces of gold, 2, ounces of silver, ounces of precious stones, 52, bolts of silk, 13, garments of silk or fur, more than sable, fox, panther, and tiger skins, death of woman wang pdf download, sets of whole or split horns,human prisoners, somewhere overcamels, horses, mules, death of woman wang pdf download, cattle, donkeys, and sheep.
Besides this is the silver dug up from various hiding places, divided into three parts, of which one part was given to the generals and officers; and the various things which the ordinary soldiers took for themselves, the value of which cannot be calculated.
The Manchu conquest of China, with its promise of a restoration of order and prosperity and an end to the old corruption and inefficiency of the Ming, brought no sharp change of fortune to T'an-ch'eng: the decade between the late s and the late s continued the previous pattern.
The I River flooded inruining the autumn crops along a great belt of land stretching for fifteen miles below Ma-t'ou market. In the autumn of the I and the Shu rivers both flooded, pouring so much water across the fields that the newly appointed magistrate had to come by boat to T'anch'eng city to take up his office, sailing across the sodden land. The next year both rivers flooded after heavy summer rains that destroyed the millet and kaoliang crops and brought a winter famine; while in t n e same rivers flooded in late spring after sixteen days of uninterrupted rain, just as the winter wheat and barley were ready for harvest.
The farmers watched helplessly as the sheaves already cut went bobbing off across the waves while the heavy ears of still-standing grain fell water-logged below the surface. With these natural disasters came yet more bandits—in bandits from the mountains to the northwest sacked Mat'ou market; in a band driven out of their home base in the western Shantung county of Ko-tse sacked the market of Kuei-ch'ang and laid waste the surrounding area; and in The Observers O 9 another large bandit force, driven out of their base to the northwest by government troops, death of woman wang pdf download, broke through the defenses of T'an-ch'eng city itself and sacked it, death of woman wang pdf download.
The Local History has poignant stories about each of the raids: woman Yao, aged seventeen incursing the bandits as they dragged her out of her house, still cursing as they cut off her arm and killed her; woman Sun, gathering her dead husband's bones and those of her mother-in-law from the ashes of the home the bandits burned in and proceeding with the funeral rites as the bandits looked on; Tu Chih-tung, who had survived the wars and sacks of fifteen years, refusing to be carried off lor death of woman wang pdf download in the raid, cursing the bandits and being killed in his home.
Surviving relatives often could not recognize their own family members among the piles of the dead, but would identify them by some item of dress death of woman wang pdf download else reluctantly bury them in group graves. As Huang Liu-hung found when he came to T'an-ch'eng to serve as magistrate inthe people's problem was one of basic survival—physical and moral—in a world that seemed to be disintegrating before their eyes. When he arrived at his post that death of woman wang pdf download he asked the locals—both gentry and commoners—about the area, and this is how he recorded their reply: "T'an-ch'eng is only a tiny area, and it has long been destitute and ravaged.
For thirty years now fields have lain under flood water or weeds; we still cannot bear to speak of all the devastation. On top of this came the famine of ; and after the earthquake of not a single ear of grain was harvested, over half the people were dying of starvation, their homes were all destroyed and ten thousand men and women were crushed to death in the ruins.
Those who were left orphaned wept with hunger and cold by day, and death of woman wang pdf download out in the open country by night. Fathers and sons could not help 12 O The Death of Woman Wang each other, neighbors could not protect each other.
The old and the weak moved from ditch to ditch, the young and strong all fled to other areas. Travelers passing through were moved to tears by what they saw, and thought that if this went on much longer no one would be left in T'an-ch'eng. But for T'an-ch'eng, at least, the description was real enough. There were twenty-seven county cities in the prefecture of Yen, of which T'an-ch'eng and I-chou were generally considered to be the most impoverished; and when Huang compared those two, he found that T'an-ch'eng was clearly the worse off.
There had been eight emergency granaries in the county during the later Ming dynasty: one in each of the four subdistricts of the county, one at Ma-t'ou market, one at the southern post station, one in the county city, and one in the northwestern Shen-shan hills; by all had been destroyed. The local wealthy who had survived had grown unwilling to make any more donations or to rebuild the storehouses; they did not even respond to a suggestion that they simply lend out grain, death of woman wang pdf download, for emergency use, to be repaid at a fixed rate of interest by the county until all their capital had been repaid.
Similarly, there had been a system of six county schools and three charity schools for advanced candidates preparing for the prefectural examinations, schools endowed with houses that could be rented out to bring in income to pay the teachers' salaries, and with land and kitchen gardens; these, too, were all destroyed or abandoned, and the wealthy had not rebuilt them.
They preferred tutoring their sons in their own homes to sharing their resources with the community. The earthquake destroyed many more city buildings and stretches of the city wall, but even before this many of the The Observers 0 13 buildings were in ruins; the office of the county physician was gone, the bridge that spanned the river on the main road south to Su-ch'ien was down, temples were gutted.
Huang Liu-hung was a scholarly and observant man, from a minor official family in Honan, who had passed the chii-jen examination. T'an-ch'eng was his first posting.
It was his responsibility to try to hold the shattered community together, death of woman wang pdf download, and in the personal memoir and handbook that he compiled twenty years later during his comfortable, retirement in Soochow, he wrote movingly of his attempts to come to terms with the misery that once surrounded him.
It is clear that while he was in office Huang worked skillfully for the community, trying to induce his superiors—and through them the government in Peking—to grant tax concessions and corvee labor rebates, and to be generous in reassessing reclaimed land, so that the effects of decades of catastrophes and the culminating earthquake could be mitigated.
To attain such concessions one had to keep constantly pressing, for the government moved slowly, and as far as Peking was concerned, there were hundreds of T'an-ch'engs, each with its own definitions of its own crises, and each one needing to be evaluated on its own terms. Weeks went by before the effects of the earthquake in central Shantung were examined by officials from the Board of Revenue, and it took eighteen months before tax rebates for the area were approved, death of woman wang pdf download.
The board's final decision was that such an earthquake should be considered in the same light as a serious drought or flood, thus bringing the local population a tax rebate for one year of 30 per cent; this rebate was extended to those who had already paid part of the year's taxes in advance installments. The board also recommended that in view of the high casualties T'an-ch'eng county's assessed labor-service total should be lowered by persons.
However, no generosity was seen in this gesture by the local officials in Death of woman wang pdf download, who esti- 14 0 The Death of Woman Wang mated that almost of the earthquake's dead had been on the tax registers as able-bodied males liable for services; the government's decision therefore meant that the local community would still have to come up with previously unregistered males and draft them onto the corvee death of woman wang pdf download rolls.
In his reminiscences Huang reflected on the difficulties he encountered in raising morale in the county, for the locals had come to believe that they were caught in a series of crises that robbed their lives of all meaning. Others, at intervals, cut their throats or threw themselves into the river. In a harsh proclamation that he ordered posted in the rural villages and in the streets of the local market towns, he wrote: "Those men who commit suicide, hanging themselves from the rafters or throwing themselves into the water, will spend an eternity as ghosts, crammed in the eaves or drifting on the waters.
Who is there to pity them if the officials refuse to collect their bodies and leave them as food for the flies and maggots?
Those women who kill themselves, dangling from ropes or hanging from their kerchiefs, will haunt deserted alleys and the inner rooms. Why should anyone feel shame if The Observer O 15 we delay holding an inquest on their corpses and leave their bare bodies exposed for all to see?
Your bodies were bequeathed to you by your mothers and fathers who gave birth to you, but you go so far as to destroy those bodies. Only once in ten thousand cosmic cycles can you expect to be reincarnated into human form, yet you treat your bodies as if they were the bodies of pigs and dogs—that is something I hate death of woman wang pdf download detest.
If you have no pity on the bodies bequeathed to you, then why should I have pity on the bodies bequeathed to you? If you think of yourselves as pigs and dogs, then why should I not also look upon you as pigs and dogs?
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